Category Archives: Breast Surgery

Main Clinical Manifestations of Breast Cysts

Breast cysts are fluid-filled, epithelial-lined cavities that develop within terminal ducto-lobular units under hormonal influence. They may be solitary or multiple and are most prevalent in perimenopausal women. Symptom intensity correlates with cyst size, tension, and associated inflammation. Cyclic or non-cyclic mastalgiaA well-localised, dull or throbbing pain that increases during the luteal phase; larger cysts produce constant discomfort unrelated to menses. Palpable, resilient massA smooth, round, mobile lump with distinct borders that may feel fluctuant; tension within the cyst creates a firm “rubber-ball” consistency. Rapid variation in sizeCysts may enlarge within days and regress spontaneously, distinguishing them from solid tumours... Learn more

Related articles：

  1. Main Clinical Manifestations of Breast Fibroadenoma
  2. Main Clinical Manifestations of Breast Tumours
  3. Main Clinical Manifestations of Breast Hypoplasia
  4. Main Clinical Manifestations of Breast Cancer
  5. Main Clinical Manifestations of Mastitis
  6. Main Clinical Manifestations of Nipple Inversion

Main Clinical Manifestations of Breast Hypoplasia

Breast hypoplasia denotes under-development of glandular parenchyma beyond two standard deviations from age-specific norms. The condition may be unilateral or bilateral, isolated or associated with systemic syndromes. Recognition is based on quantitative and qualitative deviations from expected breast morphology rather than on isolated patient perception. Deficient breast volumeA mammary projection that remains ≤ Tanner stage II after age 16 years, or a breast circumference difference ≥ 150 mL compared with the contralateral side, defines objective hypoplasia. AsymmetryUnilateral hypoplasia produces visible volume discrepancy, often accompanied by contralateral hypertrophy; the nipple-areolar complex is smaller and may lie more superiorly on the affected... Learn more

Related articles：

  1. Main Clinical Manifestations of Breast Fibroadenoma
  2. Main Clinical Manifestations of Breast Tumours
  3. Main Clinical Manifestations of Breast Cancer
  4. Main Clinical Manifestations of Mastitis
  5. Main Clinical Manifestations of Mammary Hyperplasia
  6. Main Clinical Manifestations of Nipple Inversion

Main Clinical Manifestations of Nipple Inversion

Nipple inversion is the inward dimpling or retraction of the nipple-areolar complex, which may be congenital, physiologic, or pathologic. Symptoms range from cosmetic concern alone to indicators of underlying malignancy. Accurate classification (grades I–III) and recognition of associated features guide appropriate imaging and surgical management. Cosmetic deformityVisible inward folding that may be intermittent (grade I) or permanent (grades II–III), producing an umbilicated or slit-like appearance. Difficulty with lactationInability to achieve effective latch; milk stasis and cracked epithelium increase the risk of mastitis and painful fissures. Nipple-areolar hygiene impairmentMoisture trapping fosters maceration, malodour, and recurrent bacterial or candidal infection. Spontaneous or... Learn more

Related articles：

  1. Main Clinical Manifestations of Mastitis
  2. Main Clinical Manifestations of Breast Fibroadenoma
  3. Main Clinical Manifestations of Mammary Hyperplasia
  4. Main Clinical Manifestations of Breast Tumours
  5. Main Clinical Manifestations of Breast Cancer
  6. Main Clinical Manifestations of Hepatic Rupture

Main Clinical Manifestations of Breast Tumours

Breast tumours comprise a spectrum ranging from benign fibro-epithelial lesions to invasive malignancies. Symptom expression reflects histological subtype, anatomical location, and biological behaviour. Early recognition allows accurate triage between conservative follow-up and definitive oncological therapy. Painless palpable massMost tumours present as a discrete, firm nodule with variable mobility. Benign lesions (fibroadenoma) are smooth and slippery; malignant masses display irregular, spiculated borders and may fix to pectoral fascia or skin. Nipple-areolar changesRecent inversion, persistent eczema-like scaling, or spontaneous serosanguinous/bloody discharge suggests underlying malignancy. Ulceration and malodour indicate locally advanced disease. Skin alterationsDimpling along Cooper ligaments, peau d’orange from lymphatic obstruction, and... Learn more

Related articles：

  1. Main Clinical Manifestations of Breast Fibroadenoma
  2. Main Clinical Manifestations of Breast Cancer
  3. Main Clinical Manifestations of Biliary Tract Tumours
  4. Main Clinical Manifestations of Mammary Hyperplasia
  5. Main Clinical Manifestations of Mastitis
  6. Main Clinical Manifestations of Cholangitis

Main Clinical Manifestations of Mammary Hyperplasia

Mammary hyperplasia (fibrocystic change or benign proliferative breast disease) encompasses a spectrum of hormonally responsive stromal and epithelial alterations. Symptoms fluctuate with the menstrual cycle and often regress spontaneously; however, pronounced changes require exclusion of malignancy. Cyclic mastalgiaBilateral, dull or heavy pain most prominent in the upper outer quadrants, beginning 3–7 days before menses and resolving with menstruation. Pain may radiate to the axilla or medial arm. Nodular or glandular thickeningMultiple, small, mobile “lumps” with ill-defined borders create a cobble-stone or granular consistency that merges with surrounding tissue. Premenstrual breast swelling and heavinessDiffuse enlargement of one or both breasts, accompanied... Learn more

Related articles：

  1. Main Clinical Manifestations of Breast Fibroadenoma
  2. Main Clinical Manifestations of Mastitis
  3. Main Clinical Manifestations of Breast Cancer
  4. Main Clinical Manifestations of Hepatic Rupture
  5. Main Clinical Manifestations of Hepatic Abscess
  6. Main Clinical Manifestations of Congenital Biliary Malformations