Nipple inversion is the inward dimpling or retraction of the nipple-areolar complex, which may be congenital, physiologic, or pathologic. Symptoms range from cosmetic concern alone to indicators of underlying malignancy. Accurate classification (grades I–III) and recognition of associated features guide appropriate imaging and surgical management. Cosmetic deformityVisible inward folding that may be intermittent (grade I) or permanent (grades II–III), producing an umbilicated or slit-like appearance. Difficulty with lactationInability to achieve effective latch; milk stasis and cracked epithelium increase the risk of mastitis and painful fissures. Nipple-areolar hygiene impairmentMoisture trapping fosters maceration, malodour, and recurrent bacterial or candidal infection. Spontaneous or... Learn more