Author Archives: Dr. Li

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About Dr. Li

I am a professional surgeon based in Beijing, China.

Main Clinical Manifestations of Nipple Inversion

Nipple inversion is the inward dimpling or retraction of the nipple-areolar complex, which may be congenital, physiologic, or pathologic. Symptoms range from cosmetic concern alone to indicators of underlying malignancy. Accurate classification (grades I–III) and recognition of associated features guide appropriate imaging and surgical management. Cosmetic deformityVisible inward folding that may be intermittent (grade I) or permanent (grades II–III), producing an umbilicated or slit-like appearance. Difficulty with lactationInability to achieve effective latch; milk stasis and cracked epithelium increase the risk of mastitis and painful fissures. Nipple-areolar hygiene impairmentMoisture trapping fosters maceration, malodour, and recurrent bacterial or candidal infection. Spontaneous or... Learn more

Related articles：

  1. Main Clinical Manifestations of Mastitis
  2. Main Clinical Manifestations of Breast Fibroadenoma
  3. Main Clinical Manifestations of Mammary Hyperplasia
  4. Main Clinical Manifestations of Breast Tumours
  5. Main Clinical Manifestations of Breast Cancer
  6. Main Clinical Manifestations of Hepatic Rupture

Main Clinical Manifestations of Breast Tumours

Breast tumours comprise a spectrum ranging from benign fibro-epithelial lesions to invasive malignancies. Symptom expression reflects histological subtype, anatomical location, and biological behaviour. Early recognition allows accurate triage between conservative follow-up and definitive oncological therapy. Painless palpable massMost tumours present as a discrete, firm nodule with variable mobility. Benign lesions (fibroadenoma) are smooth and slippery; malignant masses display irregular, spiculated borders and may fix to pectoral fascia or skin. Nipple-areolar changesRecent inversion, persistent eczema-like scaling, or spontaneous serosanguinous/bloody discharge suggests underlying malignancy. Ulceration and malodour indicate locally advanced disease. Skin alterationsDimpling along Cooper ligaments, peau d’orange from lymphatic obstruction, and... Learn more

Related articles：

  1. Main Clinical Manifestations of Breast Fibroadenoma
  2. Main Clinical Manifestations of Breast Cancer
  3. Main Clinical Manifestations of Biliary Tract Tumours
  4. Main Clinical Manifestations of Mammary Hyperplasia
  5. Main Clinical Manifestations of Mastitis
  6. Main Clinical Manifestations of Cholangitis

Main Clinical Manifestations of Mammary Hyperplasia

Mammary hyperplasia (fibrocystic change or benign proliferative breast disease) encompasses a spectrum of hormonally responsive stromal and epithelial alterations. Symptoms fluctuate with the menstrual cycle and often regress spontaneously; however, pronounced changes require exclusion of malignancy. Cyclic mastalgiaBilateral, dull or heavy pain most prominent in the upper outer quadrants, beginning 3–7 days before menses and resolving with menstruation. Pain may radiate to the axilla or medial arm. Nodular or glandular thickeningMultiple, small, mobile “lumps” with ill-defined borders create a cobble-stone or granular consistency that merges with surrounding tissue. Premenstrual breast swelling and heavinessDiffuse enlargement of one or both breasts, accompanied... Learn more

Related articles：

  1. Main Clinical Manifestations of Breast Fibroadenoma
  2. Main Clinical Manifestations of Mastitis
  3. Main Clinical Manifestations of Breast Cancer
  4. Main Clinical Manifestations of Hepatic Rupture
  5. Main Clinical Manifestations of Hepatic Abscess
  6. Main Clinical Manifestations of Congenital Biliary Malformations

Main Clinical Manifestations of Breast Fibroadenoma

Breast fibroadenoma is a benign biphasic tumour composed of proliferating glandular and stromal elements. It is the commonest solid breast mass in women under 30 years and is strongly hormone-responsive. Most lesions are solitary and indolent, but multiple or rapidly enlarging variants require exclusion of phyllodes tumour or carcinoma. Painless, highly mobile noduleTypically 1–3 cm, firm, smooth, and well-circumscribed; the “slip sign”—easy displacement under the fingers—distinguishes it from malignant masses that adhere to surrounding tissue. Smooth, regular marginsPalpation reveals an ovoid or gently lobulated contour with a distinct edge; deep lesions may feel discoid when compressed against the chest wall.... Learn more

Related articles：

  1. Main Clinical Manifestations of Breast Cancer
  2. Main Clinical Manifestations of Mastitis
  3. Main Clinical Manifestations of Hepatic Abscess
  4. Main Clinical Manifestations of Hepatic Ascites
  5. Main Clinical Manifestations of Biliary Tract Tumours
  6. Main Clinical Manifestations of Portal Vein Thrombosis

Main Clinical Manifestations of Mastitis

Mastitis is an inflammatory condition of the breast parenchyma, most frequently infectious in the lactational period and non-infectious or duct-centric in non-lactational settings. Recognition of its characteristic features permits prompt antimicrobial therapy and prevents progression to abscess formation. Painful indurationA localized, wedge-shaped area of firm, tender tissue develops rapidly, often in the upper outer quadrant. Pain is throbbing and exacerbated by movement or nursing. Erythema and oedemaBrilliant erythema with irregular borders spreads centrifugally; peau d’orange change reflects dermal lymphatic obstruction and interstitial oedema. Pyrexia and systemic responseTemperature ≥ 38.5 °C with chills, myalgia, and tachycardia indicates bacterial infection; rigors suggest... Learn more

Related articles：

  1. Main Clinical Manifestations of Breast Cancer
  2. Main Clinical Manifestations of Hepatic Ascites
  3. Main Clinical Manifestations of Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma
  4. Main Clinical Manifestations of Biliary Tract Tumours
  5. Main Clinical Manifestations of Portal Vein Thrombosis
  6. Main Clinical Manifestations of Acute Cholecystitis