Main Clinical Manifestations of Mammary Hyperplasia

Mammary hyperplasia (fibrocystic change or benign proliferative breast disease) encompasses a spectrum of hormonally responsive stromal and epithelial alterations. Symptoms fluctuate with the menstrual cycle and often regress spontaneously; however, pronounced changes require exclusion of malignancy. Cyclic mastalgiaBilateral, dull or heavy pain most prominent in the upper outer quadrants, beginning 3–7 days before menses and resolving with menstruation. Pain may radiate to the axilla or medial arm. Nodular or glandular thickeningMultiple, small, mobile “lumps” with ill-defined borders create a cobble-stone or granular consistency that merges with surrounding tissue. Premenstrual breast swelling and heavinessDiffuse enlargement of one or both breasts, accompanied... Learn more

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Main Clinical Manifestations of Breast Fibroadenoma

Breast fibroadenoma is a benign biphasic tumour composed of proliferating glandular and stromal elements. It is the commonest solid breast mass in women under 30 years and is strongly hormone-responsive. Most lesions are solitary and indolent, but multiple or rapidly enlarging variants require exclusion of phyllodes tumour or carcinoma. Painless, highly mobile noduleTypically 1–3 cm, firm, smooth, and well-circumscribed; the “slip sign”—easy displacement under the fingers—distinguishes it from malignant masses that adhere to surrounding tissue. Smooth, regular marginsPalpation reveals an ovoid or gently lobulated contour with a distinct edge; deep lesions may feel discoid when compressed against the chest wall.... Learn more

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Main Clinical Manifestations of Mastitis

Mastitis is an inflammatory condition of the breast parenchyma, most frequently infectious in the lactational period and non-infectious or duct-centric in non-lactational settings. Recognition of its characteristic features permits prompt antimicrobial therapy and prevents progression to abscess formation. Painful indurationA localized, wedge-shaped area of firm, tender tissue develops rapidly, often in the upper outer quadrant. Pain is throbbing and exacerbated by movement or nursing. Erythema and oedemaBrilliant erythema with irregular borders spreads centrifugally; peau d’orange change reflects dermal lymphatic obstruction and interstitial oedema. Pyrexia and systemic responseTemperature ≥ 38.5 °C with chills, myalgia, and tachycardia indicates bacterial infection; rigors suggest... Learn more

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Main Clinical Manifestations of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer arises from the terminal duct-lobular unit and may remain in-situ or invade surrounding tissue. Symptom patterns reflect tumour biology, anatomical location, and host response. Early recognition improves oncological outcome; therefore, any new, persistent breast change warrants triple assessment. Painless palpable massA solitary, firm-to-hard nodule with irregular or spiculated borders is most common. Fixation to pectoral fascia or skin reduces mobility and creates tethering. Nipple-areolar changesRecent nipple inversion, persistent eczematous scaling (Paget disease), or spontaneous serosanguinous/bloody discharge indicates underlying malignancy. Ulceration or fungation denotes locally advanced disease. Skin alterationsDimpling along Cooper ligaments, peau d’orange from lymphatic obstruction, or erythematous... Learn more

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Main Clinical Manifestations of Chronic Cholecystitis

Chronic cholecystitis denotes persistent, low-grade inflammation of the gall-bladder wall, usually in the setting of recurrent mechanical irritation by gallstones or, less commonly, chronic infection or metabolic deposition. Symptoms are episodic and less dramatic than those of acute cholecystitis, but they may culminate in fibrosis, loss of function, or acute exacerbation. Recurrent biliary colicEpisodic, post-prandial right-upper-quadrant or epigastric pain lasting 15–60 min, often precipitated by fatty foods and radiating to the inter-scapular region or right shoulder. Pain is typically self-limiting but becomes more frequent over time. Dyspeptic syndromeEarly satiety, eructation, bloating, and nausea reflect impaired gall-bladder emptying and coexist with... Learn more

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