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Main Clinical Manifestations of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer arises from the terminal duct-lobular unit and may remain in-situ or invade surrounding tissue. Symptom patterns reflect tumour biology, anatomical location, and host response. Early recognition improves oncological outcome; therefore, any new, persistent breast change warrants triple assessment. Painless palpable massA solitary, firm-to-hard nodule with irregular or spiculated borders is most common. Fixation to pectoral fascia or skin reduces mobility and creates tethering. Nipple-areolar changesRecent nipple inversion, persistent eczematous scaling (Paget disease), or spontaneous serosanguinous/bloody discharge indicates underlying malignancy. Ulceration or fungation denotes locally advanced disease. Skin alterationsDimpling along Cooper ligaments, peau d’orange from lymphatic obstruction, or erythematous... Learn more

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  1. Main Clinical Manifestations of Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma
  2. Main Clinical Manifestations of Biliary Tract Tumours
  3. Main Clinical Manifestations of Lithiasis
  4. Main Clinical Manifestations of Hepatic Ascites
  5. Main Clinical Manifestations of Portal Vein Thrombosis
  6. Main Clinical Manifestations of Acute Cholecystitis

Main Clinical Manifestations of Biliary Tract Tumours

Biliary tract tumours comprise neoplasms of the gall-bladder, cystic duct, extra-hepatic bile ducts, and intra-hepatic bile ducts. Most are malignant (gall-bladder carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma) and present late; benign lesions are rare and usually detected incidentally. Symptom patterns reflect anatomical location, growth morphology, and degree of biliary obstruction. Painless obstructive jaundiceProgressive conjugated hyper-bilirubinaemia with scleral icterus, dark urine, and acholic stools is the hallmark of hilar or distal cholangiocarcinoma and of advanced gall-bladder carcinoma. Pruritus is often intense and may precede visible icterus. Right-upper-quadrain painA constant dull ache or vague heaviness is typical of gall-bladder cancer; intermittent colicky pain suggests concomitant cholelithiasis... Learn more

Related articles：

  1. Main Clinical Manifestations of Biliary Tract Diseases
  2. Main Clinical Manifestations of Congenital Biliary Malformations
  3. Main Clinical Manifestations of Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma
  4. Main Clinical Manifestations of Hepatic Ascites
  5. Main Clinical Manifestations of Acute Cholecystitis
  6. Main Clinical Manifestations of Chronic Cholecystitis

Main Clinical Manifestations of Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma

Hilar cholangiocarcinoma (Klatskin tumour) arises at or near the confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts. Because the lesion obstructs the central bile ducts early, symptoms are usually biliary and appear while the tumour is still relatively small. Painless jaundiceConjugated hyper-bilirubinaemia develops insidiously, producing progressive yellowing of skin and sclera, dark urine and clay-coloured stools; pruritus is often intense and may precede visible icterus. Right-upper-quadrant discomfortA dull, non-colicky ache or sensation of fullness is common; pain is usually mild and does not parallel the degree of jaundice. Cholangitis episodesIntermittent fever with rigors, right-sided tenderness and elevated C-reactive protein occur... Learn more

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  1. Main Clinical Manifestations of Hepatic Hydatid Disease
  2. Main Clinical Manifestations of Biliary Tract Diseases
  3. Main Clinical Manifestations of Congenital Biliary Malformations
  4. Main Clinical Manifestations of Biliary Tract Tumours
  5. What Are the Symptoms of Cholangiocarcinoma?
  6. What Are the Symptoms of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma?