What Are the Symptoms of Liver Cancer?

Liver cancer—predominantly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)—often begins silently; early-stage tumours rarely cause pain or obvious changes. As the lesion enlarges or invades adjacent structures, the following complaints typically appear: Right-upper-quadrant discomfortA dull, continuous ache or heaviness develops beneath the ribs and may radiate to the back or right shoulder. Palpable mass or swellingPatients or clinicians can feel a firm, nodular liver edge below the costal margin; progressive enlargement can produce visible asymmetry of the abdomen. Unintended weight loss & anorexiaRapid loss of >5 % body weight within weeks, early satiety and loss of interest in food are common systemic effects. Fatigue... Learn more

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What Are the Symptoms of Skin Contusion?

A skin contusion (bruise) is a closed, blunt injury that ruptures small subcutaneous vessels without breaking the skin. Blood leaks into surrounding tissues, producing a predictable sequence of local and sometimes systemic changes. Immediate pain and tendernessNociceptors are activated at the moment of impact; the area is sore to touch and may throb with movement or pressure. Colour evolutionErythema appears within minutes, followed by reddish-purple or dark-blue discoloration as blood accumulates. Over 5–10 days the pigment breaks down, passing through blue, green, yellow and finally light-brown before fading . Swelling and indurationPlasma exudation and blood clot formation create a palpable,... Learn more

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What Are the Symptoms of Neck Diseases?

Neck diseases include cervical spondylosis, radiculopathy, myelopathy, inflammatory or neoplastic processes, and soft-tissue disorders. While each entity has unique traits, most share a common core of clinical manifestations. Local pain and stiffnessDull or sharp pain originates in the nuchal muscles or paraspinal region and is often worse on waking or after prolonged static postures; active and passive range of motion is reduced by muscle spasm and facet irritation . Radiating arm painCompression of a cervical nerve root produces unilateral shooting pain, numbness or tingling that follows a dermatomal line (e.g., thumb for C6, middle finger for C7, little finger for... Learn more

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What Are the Symptoms of Neck Trauma?

Neck trauma ranges from minor soft-tissue sprain to life-threatening vascular or airway injury. Clinical findings vary by mechanism (blunt vs. penetrating) and the structures involved, but the following features are characteristic. Local pain and tendernessPain is almost universal, usually originating in the nuchal muscles or paraspinal region; palpation reveals focal tenderness and voluntary guarding. In whiplash-associated disorders, discomfort often begins hours after the impact and is accompanied by stiffness. Restricted motionPatients instinctively hold the head in a neutral or slightly flexed position; active rotation or extension increases pain and may be limited by muscle spasm. Neurological deficitsRadiculopathy produces unilateral arm... Learn more

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What Are the Symptoms of Refractory Wounds?

A refractory (hard-to-heal) wound is defined as any break in skin or mucosa that fails to move through an orderly reparative sequence and remains open beyond 4–6 weeks despite standard care. The wound itself and the surrounding tissues display a characteristic set of changes. Persistent open wound bedGranulation tissue is pale, flat or “pocket-like” instead of beefy red and raised; epithelial margins fail to advance and may become rolled or calloused . Excessive moisture or oozingContinuous serous or purulent discharge macerates perilesional skin, increases odour and demands frequent dressing changes . Pain and malodourDeep, throbbing pain is common; an unpleasant... Learn more

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