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Main Symptoms of Brain Edema

Brain edema is extra fluid packed into brain tissue, pushing the brain against the skull. Pressure climbs fast and shows early signs anyone can spot. The first sign is a squeezing headache that feels like your head is in a vise. It is worst when you lie flat or bend over and may wake you from deep sleep. Vision blurs next. Lights seem too bright, colors wash out, and you see double for a few seconds. Closing one eye does not clear the blur. Nausea hits hard. You feel seasick without moving and may throw up suddenly, often with no... Learn more

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Main Clinical Manifestations of Congenital Biliary Malformations

Congenital biliary malformations encompass a spectrum of structural defects in the extra- and intrahepatic bile ducts. The phenotypic expression is determined by the embryologic stage at which development is arrested and by the subsequent impairment of bile flow. Three cardinal symptom complexes dominate the clinical picture: cholestatic jaundice, recurrent cholangitis, and secondary hepatic dysfunction. Cholestatic JaundiceConjugated hyperbilirubinemia is the earliest and most consistent finding. In neonates it is usually recognized after the physiological jaundice window (>2 weeks of life) and is marked by progressive acholic stools and dark urine reflecting absent intra-intestinal bilirubin. In older children jaundice may fluctuate, often... Learn more

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Main Clinical Manifestations of Biliary Tract Diseases

Biliary tract diseases encompass a spectrum of disorders affecting the gallbladder, cystic duct, and extra- or intra-hepatic bile ducts. Symptoms arise from obstruction, inflammation, infection, or neoplastic change, and often overlap among entities such as cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, cholangitis, and cholangiocarcinoma. Recognition of characteristic patterns guides timely imaging and intervention. Biliary colicParoxysmal, post-prandial pain located in the epigastrium or right upper quadrant, radiating to the inter-scapular region or right shoulder, peaking over ≥30 min and resolving spontaneously within 6 h. Nausea and vomitingVagal stimulation and gastric compression produce repeated retching that may transiently relieve pain. Fluctuating or progressive jaundiceConjugated hyper-bilirubinaemia manifests... Learn more

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  6. Main Clinical Manifestations of Chronic Cholecystitis

Main Clinical Manifestations of Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma

Hilar cholangiocarcinoma (Klatskin tumour) arises at or near the confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts. Because the lesion obstructs the central bile ducts early, symptoms are usually biliary and appear while the tumour is still relatively small. Painless jaundiceConjugated hyper-bilirubinaemia develops insidiously, producing progressive yellowing of skin and sclera, dark urine and clay-coloured stools; pruritus is often intense and may precede visible icterus. Right-upper-quadrant discomfortA dull, non-colicky ache or sensation of fullness is common; pain is usually mild and does not parallel the degree of jaundice. Cholangitis episodesIntermittent fever with rigors, right-sided tenderness and elevated C-reactive protein occur... Learn more

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Main Clinical Manifestations of Hepatic Hydatid Disease

Hepatic hydatid disease (hepatic echinococcosis) is a zoonotic infection caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus or E. multilocularis. Its presentation is dictated by cyst number, size, location, integrity, and associated complications. Many patients remain asymptomatic for years; symptoms emerge only when growing cysts exert a mass effect, rupture, or become secondarily infected. Pain and right-upper-quadrant discomfortA constant dull ache or sensation of fullness develops beneath the costal margin as the cyst expands or stretches Glisson’s capsule; sudden sharp pain heralds cyst rupture or intracystic haemorrhage. Palpable hepatic massInspection reveals asymmetric abdominal bulging; palpation detects a smooth, resilient, ballotable... Learn more

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