Schistosomiasis, a parasitic disease, presents a range of symptoms that can vary depending on the severity and duration of the infection. Individuals infected with this disease may experience a variety of symptoms that can mimic other illnesses, making it crucial to be aware of the risk factors and seek medical attention promptly. Here’s a closer look at the common signs and symptoms of schistosomiasis:
Fever: During the acute phase of schistosomiasis, individuals may manifest continuous or intermittent fever, with body temperatures reaching over 39°C, often accompanied by chills and general weakness. This fever is associated with the inflammatory response triggered by the deposition of parasite eggs within the body, and in some cases, it can be mistakenly diagnosed as malaria or typhoid.
CDC Parasites – Schistosomiasis Symptoms
Abdominal Pain and Diarrhea: The deposition of eggs in the intestines can lead to congestion and edema of the colonic mucosa, causing episodic abdominal pain, which is more commonly felt in the lower left abdomen. Diarrhea often presents as mucoid or bloody stools, and recurrent episodes may evolve into chronic colitis.
WHO Fact Sheet – Schistosomiasis
Liver and Spleen Enlargement: As eggs travel through the bloodstream and deposit in the branches of the portal vein in the liver, they can form granulomas and trigger fibrosis, resulting in an enlarged liver with tenderness upon pressure. The spleen may gradually increase in size due to portal hypertension, and in advanced stages, ascites and hypersplenism may occur.
NCBI Bookshelf – Schistosomiasis
Cough and Chest Pain: When eggs enter the lungs through the bloodstream, they may cause an inflammatory response in lung tissues, presenting as dry cough or blood-tinged sputum. Chest pain is generally a dull ache associated with pleural involvement, and imaging studies may reveal punctate shadows in the lungs.
Skin Eruptions: The penetration of cercariae into the skin can cause local allergic reactions, manifesting as itchy red papules or hives, commonly occurring within hours to 2 days after contact with contaminated water, known as cercarial dermatitis.
It is essential to clean the skin promptly after contact with potentially contaminated water and to avoid scratching any rash. Early symptoms can be easily confused with other diseases, so seeking medical attention early, especially if there is a history of exposure in endemic areas, is crucial. Patients in the chronic phase of the disease need regular monitoring of liver function and portal vein pressure to prevent the progression of cirrhosis. During treatment, it is important to follow the medication regimen to avoid reinfection.
| Symptoms | Description | Management |
|---|---|---|
| Fever | High, continuous or intermittent fever with chills and weakness. | Seek medical attention promptly; monitor for other symptoms. |
| Abdominal Pain and Diarrhea | Episodic abdominal pain, mucoid or bloody stools. | Dietary adjustments; consider medical intervention for chronic symptoms. |
| Liver and Spleen Enlargement | Enlarged liver with tenderness, splenomegaly due to portal hypertension. | Regular monitoring; treatment to manage portal hypertension. |
| Cough and Chest Pain | Inflammatory response in lungs, dry cough, or blood-tinged sputum. | Pulmonary function tests; consider treatment for lung inflammation. |
| Skin Eruptions | Itchy red papules or hives post-exposure to contaminated water. | Skin cleaning; avoid scratching; topical treatments for allergic reactions. |
Prevention and Risk Factors
Understanding the risk factors for schistosomiasis is crucial for prevention. The disease is primarily spread through contact with freshwater that contains the larvae of the parasite. Individuals who live in or travel to endemic areas are at higher risk. To reduce the risk of infection, it’s important to avoid swimming or wading in freshwater bodies in these regions. Additionally, wearing protective clothing and using skin barriers can help prevent direct skin contact with contaminated water.
Treatment and Management
The treatment for schistosomiasis typically involves the use of medications prescribed by a healthcare provider. These medications are effective in killing the adult worms and reducing the symptoms. It is important to complete the full course of medication to ensure the parasites are eliminated. Long-term management may involve regular health check-ups to monitor liver function and to watch for any signs of complications such as cirrhosis or portal hypertension.
Liver Health
The liver plays a central role in managing schistosomiasis. Chronic infection can lead to liver scarring and fibrosis, which may progress to cirrhosis. Maintaining liver health is vital for individuals with schistosomiasis. A healthy diet, regular exercise, and avoiding alcohol and tobacco can help support liver function. Regular medical check-ups are essential to monitor liver enzymes and to detect any changes in liver structure early.
Waterborne Illnesses
Schistosomiasis is one of many waterborne illnesses that can affect individuals who come into contact with contaminated water. Other diseases, such as giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis, can also be contracted through water exposure. It is important to be aware of the risks associated with waterborne diseases and to take precautions to protect oneself, especially in areas where these diseases are prevalent.