Spina bifida is a birth defect in which part of the spinal column does not close completely. The signs range from barely visible skin changes to major nerve and movement problems, depending on the type and location.

A dimple, patch of hair, or fatty lump at the base of the spine is often the first clue found during a newborn exam. These marks sit directly over the open segment.

When the spinal cord is pulled or exposed, leg weakness shows up early. One foot may drag, ankles turn inward, or hips refuse to stay in place.

Bladder control is weak. Babies wet diapers in a constant drip, and toilet training starts late or never fully works. Urinary infections can repeat.

Bowel patterns slip. Constipation is common, and some children leak stool without feeling the need to go.

Back-of-the-head headaches appear if fluid builds up inside the brain, a problem that sometimes needs a shunt to relieve pressure.

Skin breakdown is a risk. Areas with poor feeling can blister from tight shoes or long sitting and heal slowly.

In the most open forms, the back shows a sac of clear membrane at birth. It may leak fluid and needs surgery within days.