Author Archives: Dr.wang

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About Dr.wang

I am a general practitioner from China, dedicated to providing comprehensive, continuous, and evidence-based medical care to patients of all ages and backgrounds.

Main Symptoms of Primary Biliary Cholangitis

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic autoimmune cholestatic liver disease that selectively destroys intrahepatic small bile ducts. Destruction leads to bile retention, hepatocyte damage, and progressive fibrosis. Onset is insidious; many patients are diagnosed while still asymptomatic through routine elevation of alkaline phosphatase. Recognising the evolving clinical picture allows early therapy and monitoring of complications. Early-stage signalsFatigue: the most frequent first complaint, unrelated to disease severity, often fluctuating and out of proportion to liver biochemistry.Pruritus: initially nocturnal, localized to palms or soles, later generalized; can be intermittent or persistent, sometimes worsened by heat, stress, or pregnancy.Dry eyes and dry... Learn more

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Main Symptoms of Duodenal Injury

Duodenal injury is partial or full-thickness damage to the first through fourth portions of the duodenum, most often caused by blunt abdominal trauma, penetrating wounds, or iatrogenic events during surgery. Because the duodenum is retroperitoneal and closely related to the pancreas, bile duct, and major vessels, early symptoms may be subtle and delayed, but rapid progression to peritonitis or septic shock is possible. Recognising the characteristic pattern permits timely imaging and operative repair. Early post-injury signalsEpigastric pain: deep, boring, and radiating to the back because of retroperitoneal irritation; not relieved by simple analgesics.Nausea and bilious vomiting: gastric outlet obstruction or... Learn more

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Main Symptoms of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders

Main Symptoms of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are symptom-based conditions without structural or biochemical abnormalities sufficient to explain the complaints. They involve any gut segment from esophagus to anus, often overlap, and fluctuate with diet, stress, and hormonal cycles. Recognising the dominant symptom pattern guides targeted evaluation and avoids unnecessary testing. Esophageal cluster Heartburn and regurgitation: burning retrosternal rise of acid or bitter fluid, worse after large meals or recumbency. Globus sensation: persistent lump or tightness in the throat between swallows, not during eating. Chest pain: midline squeezing or stabbing, sometimes indistinguishable from cardiac origin. Gastro-duodenal cluster... Learn more

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Main Symptoms of Functional Dyspepsia

Main Symptoms of Functional Dyspepsia Functional dyspepsia is a chronic upper-gut disorder in which epigastric pain or discomfort is not explained by structural disease, medications, or metabolic causes. Symptoms fluctuate over months, often begin in early adulthood, and may coexist with anxiety, migraine, or irritable bowel syndrome. Recognising the typical pattern avoids unnecessary imaging and guides targeted therapy. Core epigastric complaintsPost-prandial fullness: a heavy, bloated sensation that starts soon after the first bites and may last more than two hours.Early satiation: feeling “suddenly full” before finishing a normal-sized meal, leading to reduced food intake and sometimes weight concern.Epigastric pain: burning,... Learn more

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What causes bad breath and how to get rid of it?

Bad breath, or halitosis, is an unpleasant odor emitted when speaking or exhaling. Most cases originate in the mouth; a minority reflect nose, throat, lung, stomach or systemic problems. Because the nose quickly adapts to surrounding smells, many sufferers are unaware of their own odor, while nearby people notice it immediately. Recognising the origin guides targeted removal. Oral causes• Bacterial coating on the tongue: protein-rich debris trapped between filiform papillae is broken down into volatile sulphur compounds.• Gingivitis and periodontitis: pockets around teeth harbour anaerobic species that release malodorous gases.• Untreated caries, leaking crowns or impacted food: stagnant niches feed... Learn more

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