Symptoms and Manifestations of Fatty Liver

Most patients with metabolic-dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, formerly NAFLD) are asymptomatic in early stages; findings are often incidental on health check-ups. Key features relate to metabolic disturbance and hepatic fat accumulation: Splenomegaly, thrombocytopenia: congestive hypersplenism Fatigue: commonest, linked to hepatocyte energy impairment Right upper-quadrant dull pain or discomfort: from stretched Glisson capsule Loss of appetite/early satiety: reduced gastric accommodation with post-prandial fullness Weight gain or central obesity: background of metabolic syndrome Skin pruritus: retained bile acids irritating peripheral nerves Spider naevi, palmar erythema: decreased oestrogen clearance → peripheral vasodilatation Ascites, leg oedema: combined hypoalbuminaemia and portal hypertension (advanced stage)... Learn more

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Symptoms of Alcoholic Liver Disease

Patients often present with features linked to impaired hepatic metabolism and inflammation: Oliguria, rising creatinine: hepatorenal syndrome Fatigue: earliest and most common, easily overlooked Anorexia, nausea, vomiting: lead to weight loss Dull or dragging right upper quadrant pain: enlarged liver stretches Glisson capsule Jaundice: yellow skin/sclera indicate cholestasis Low-grade fever: cytokine-driven Ascites, leg edema: portal hypertension plus hypoalbuminaemia Spider naevi, palmar erythema: failed oestrogen clearance Confusion, somnolence: early hepatic encephalopathy Haematemesis, melaena: ruptured oesophageal/gastric varices Symptom groupTypical picturePathogenesisFatigueEarly, persistentImpaired hepatocyte energy metabolismGIAnorexia, nausea, RUQ acheCapsular stretch from hepatomegalyJaundiceYellow skin/scleraReduced bilirubin uptake/conjugationBleedingSpider naevi, epistaxis, melaenaDecreased clotting-factor synthesisAscites/oedemaDistended abdomen, pitting ankle oedemaPortal... Learn more

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Symptoms of Gastroptosis

Patients often experience recurrent upper-abdominal discomfort related to the low position of the stomach, delayed emptying and secondary reflux: Epigastric pain or dull ache, usually within 1 h after meals, worsened by standing or activity and eased by bending forward or hugging the knees Marked fullness: feeling distended after only a small meal, accompanied by frequent belching Dyspepsia: acid regurgitation, nausea, occasional retching with gastric (non-bilious) content Delayed gastric emptying leads to loss of appetite and, in the long term, weight loss and fatigue Some cases report retro-sternal or back radiation, linked to reflux gastritis Symptoms are aggravated by prolonged... Learn more

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  6. What Causes Colitis

What Causes Colitis

Inflammation of the colonic mucosa can be triggered by infection, immune dysregulation, impaired blood supply, drugs or radiation. Diet and lifestyle: High intakes of red meat, emulsifiers and sweets, together with smoking and obesity, are considered modern “Western-style” pro-inflammatory factors. Infection: Salmonella, Shigella, Clostridioides difficile, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Entamoeba histolytica directly invade the epithelium, causing acute diarrhoea and bloody stools. Immune factors: Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease are autoimmune disorders in which genetically susceptible individuals mount an abnormal T-cell response that continuously attacks the bowel wall. Microbial dysbiosis: Long-term antibiotics and a high-fat, low-fibre diet reduce protective flora and increase... Learn more

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What Causes Reflux Esophagitis

The core issue is retrograde flow of gastric contents (acid, pepsin, bile) into the esophagus, leading to mucosal erosion. Key mechanisms include: Reduced lower-esophageal-sphincter (LES) pressure or frequent transient LES relaxations (TLESRs) that disable the anti-reflux barrier Hiatus hernia, which weakens the diaphragmatic crus and creates an acid pocket Impaired esophageal clearance (weak peristalsis, reduced saliva) that prolongs acid exposure A damaged mucosal barrier (widened intercellular spaces, thinner mucus layer) lowering resistance to aggressive factors Obesity, pregnancy, late-night meals, high-fat diet, smoking, alcohol and drugs such as aspirin raise intra-abdominal pressure or directly relax the sphincter, aggravating reflux. Chronic reflux... Learn more

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