Main Clinical Manifestations of Hepatic Rupture

Hepatic rupture is an acute disruption of liver parenchyma that may follow blunt trauma, penetrating injury, spontaneous bleeding from tumours, or iatrogenic insults during percutaneous procedures. Clinical expression ranges from contained subcapsular haematoma to massive intraperitoneal haemorrhage and haemodynamic collapse. Recognition of the constellation below is essential for rapid intervention. Acute abdominal painSudden, severe right-upper-quadrain pain often radiates to the shoulder tip (phrenic nerve irritation) and is exacerbated by movement, coughing, or deep inspiration. Peritoneal irritationBlood and bile extravasate onto the peritoneal surface, producing guarding, rebound tenderness and board-like rigidity. Shoulder-tip pain may dominate when the patient is supine. Hypovolaemic... Learn more

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Main Clinical Manifestations of Extrahepatic Bile-Duct Stones

Extrahepatic bile-duct stones (choledocholithiasis) are most frequently cholesterol calculi that have migrated from the gallbladder, or primary pigment stones that form de novo within the common bile duct. Symptoms depend on the degree of obstruction, the presence of infection, and the duration of bile stasis. Biliary colicEpigastric or right-upper-quadrain pain begins 30–60 min after a fatty meal, builds steadily for ≥30 min, may last several hours, and radiates to the right scapula or inter-scapular region. Movement does not relieve the discomfort, and antacids are ineffective. Nausea and vomitingGastric stasis and vagal reflexes produce repeated retching that may transiently lessen pain.... Learn more

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Main Clinical Manifestations of Hepatic Hydatid Disease

Hepatic hydatid disease (hepatic echinococcosis) is a zoonotic infection caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus or E. multilocularis. Its presentation is dictated by cyst number, size, location, integrity, and associated complications. Many patients remain asymptomatic for years; symptoms emerge only when growing cysts exert a mass effect, rupture, or become secondarily infected. Pain and right-upper-quadrant discomfortA constant dull ache or sensation of fullness develops beneath the costal margin as the cyst expands or stretches Glisson’s capsule; sudden sharp pain heralds cyst rupture or intracystic haemorrhage. Palpable hepatic massInspection reveals asymmetric abdominal bulging; palpation detects a smooth, resilient, ballotable... Learn more

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Main Symptoms of Acute Gastritis

Acute gastritis is a sudden inflammation of the gastric mucosa, most often triggered by medications, alcohol, bile reflux, viral or bacterial toxins, and physical stress. The condition may range from mild erythema to erosive bleeding, with symptoms developing rapidly and usually resolving within days. Rapid recognition supports removal of the offending factor and prompt symptom relief. Core gastric complaintsEpigastric pain: burning, gnawing, or dull soreness centered between the costal margins, often worsened by an empty stomach and partially relieved by food or antacids.Nausea: persistent urge to vomit, sometimes accompanied by hypersalivation.Vomiting: initially gastric contents; bile-stained or coffee-ground material appears when... Learn more

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Main Symptoms of Acute Enteritis

Acute enteritis is a sudden inflammatory or infectious insult to the small-intestinal mucosa. It peaks within hours to a few days, usually resolves within one week, and ranges from mild cramps to rapidly dehydrating diarrhea. Recognising the characteristic features helps guide fluid replacement, diet choices, and the decision to seek medical care. Red-flag combinations demanding urgent reviewPersistent vomiting preventing oral intake, bloody diarrhea with orthostatic hypotension, continuous abdominal rigidity or localized rebound tenderness, fever >39 °C with altered consciousness, and oliguria despite attempted rehydration. Core intestinal symptomsDiarrhea: watery or loose, occasionally rice-water or blood-flecked; defined as ≥3 stools per day... Learn more

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